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“如果要给特朗普政府写回忆录,可以取名叫《破坏亲历记》”

CGTN CGTN 2020-08-24


《外交》(Foreign Affairs)是美国外交政策研究领域最权威的学术杂志之一。近日,它刊载了一篇题为《破坏亲历记:特朗普是如何破坏美国外交政策的》的文章,指出美国总统唐纳德·特朗普继承了一个不完美但有价值的外交体系,他在破坏这个原有系统的同时,却没有拿出一个替代方案。其结果是,美国和整个世界都变得更加糟糕了。


文章写道,在特朗普执政的三年半里,“建设”并不是美国外交政策的核心目标。相反,特朗普及他身边不断更换的官员们对“破坏”更有兴趣。如果特朗普政府要写回忆录,《破坏亲历记》(Present at the Disruption)将是一个合适的书名。(时任美国总统哈里·杜鲁门的国务卿撰写的回忆录叫《创世亲历记》, 英文名为Present at the Creation。)


那么,特朗普是如何破坏美国外交政策的呢?该文章的分析摘编如下:


The U.S. journal Foreign Affairs recently published an article titled "Present at the Disruption: How Trump Unmade U.S. Foreign Policy," pointing out that Donald Trump had inherited an imperfect but valuable system and tried to repeal it with without providing a substitute. As a result, the U.S. and the world are "worse off." The author analyzed how Trump disrupted the country’s foreign policy and suggested that if he was to be reelected, there would be no turning back.




   1. #扭曲的视角#   


特朗普2017年1月入主白宫的时候就坚信,有必要对美国的外交政策进行改变。


在他看来,外交政策代价高昂,而且会导致政府分散精力。美国在国外做得太多,导致国内的情况出现恶化,贸易和移民破坏了就业和社区。他认为其他国家——尤其是美国的盟友——都在利用美国。美国为维持领导地位付出的代价远远大于利益。


特朗普的这些态度从他的就职演说中就可以体现出来:


“几十年来,我们以牺牲国内工业为代价,促进了外国工业的发展。援助外国军队的同时,容忍着国内军队的损耗。帮助别国守卫边境的同时,却不守护好我们自己的边境。我们把几万亿美元花费在海外,却看着国内的基础设施年久失修、陈腐破败……从今天起,美国优先!”


特朗普的世界观是有缺陷的,他把贸易描述成绝对的负面事件,认为它帮助中国利用了美国,而看不到贸易创造了许多优质的出口导向型就业岗位,为美国消费者带来更多商品选择和更低廉的价格,且使美国通胀率保持较低水平。


The author summarized that Trump has a "distorted lens" on foreign policy as he views it as "an expensive distraction." In Trump’s eyes, the U.S. is doing too much for other countries at the expense of U.S. interests, as evidenced in his inaugural speech:


"For many decades, we’ve enriched foreign industry at the expense of American industry, subsidized the armies of other countries while allowing for the very sad depletion of our military. We’ve defended other nation’s borders while refusing to defend our own… From this day forward, it’s going to be only America first."


“Numerous other dubious assumptions run through Trump’s worldview,” said the author, criticizing that Trump portrayed trade in an absolutely negative way and was not able to see the positive effects trade brings to the U.S.


  2. #脱离有效的轨道#  



冷战后的四位美国总统——老布什、克林顿、小布什和奥巴马——的外交政策融合了二战以来指导美国处理全球关系的主要思想流派,包括现实主义(强调全球稳定性)、理想主义(更为看重人权)、和人道主义(着重于消除贫穷和疾病、帮助难民和无家可归者)。这四位总统各自的侧重点不同,但都有共同之处。特朗普则与他们全部决裂。


特朗普十分注重经济利益,但是对经济利益的本质和追求方式有着狭隘的理解。这就导致他几乎彻底忽视了美国其他的外交目标。他对提倡人权、促进民主、消除人道主义困境和应对全球挑战几乎没有兴趣。


特朗普与前几任美国总统最大的区别还在于外交政策的手段。前两位共和党总统和两位民主党总统都普遍信奉多边主义,不论是通过同盟、条约还是机构的方式来实现。


相比之下,特朗普已经习惯于退出或扬言要退出多边承诺。例如,《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》、《巴黎气候协定》、《伊朗核协议》、联合国教科文组织、联合国人权理事会、世界卫生组织。


Under the subtitle of "Departing from what mostly worked," the article compared Trump with the first four post-Cold War presidents in terms of their attitudes and aims in foreign policy, concluding that "Trump broke with all of them" and explained how Trump's emphasis as well as his narrow understanding on economic interests set him apart from his predecessors and led him to show almost no interest in advocating human rights, promoting democracy and alleviating humanitarian hardships. Trump’s habitual withdrawl from multilateral commitments is also deemed as one of the most pronounced differences between him and previous presidents.


  3. #再也回不去了#  



由于特朗普对新冠肺炎疫情处理不力,否认气候变化,排斥和限制移民,再加上大规模枪击事件频发、和种族主义情绪升温,美国在国际上的地位和影响力不断下降。随着美国退出多边协议、疏远盟友,人们不仅认为该国的吸引力和能力有所下降,而且还认为其可靠性也在下降。


如果美国可以致力于重新签署已退出的协定,达成跨太平洋伙伴关系协定的后续协议,并推动世界贸易组织的改革,调整其移民政策,美国仍有可能恢复部分外交政策。


但是,一切都不可能回到最初的原点了。在历史的长河中,四年或许不算长,但也足以使事情发生不可逆转的变化。


如果特朗普得以连任会怎样?在胜利的鼓舞下,他很可能会继续奉行他的“美国优先”外交政策,那么《破坏亲历记》可能会成为现实。


In the end, the author suggested that there is still chance that the U. S. may resume part of its foreign policy. But it is impossible to return to the best starting point of things. Although four years may not be a long time in the sweep of history, it is plenty long enough for things to change irreversibly. If Trump is re-elected, then inspired by the election victory he may continue to pursue his foreign policy, and "Present at the Disruption" may become a reality.




对于特朗普外交政策的破坏性,不少专家也表示了担忧:



美国前国家安全顾问约翰·博尔顿曾经在接受美国有线电视新闻网(CNN) 采访时表示,特朗普上任后破坏了许多美国外交政策,并指出如果特朗普连任,这些外交政策将难以修补。


领导力理论家穆昆达称,特朗普在赢得总统大选前从未担任过公职,他以纽约房地产和电视真人秀的背景踏入政坛。事实证明,他在驾驭新媒体、挑战传统智慧以及破坏性创新方面,表现出非常高超的能力。



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